What to do with mushroom pickers in my forest? Policy tools from the landowners’ perspective

Wild mushroom picking is a growing recreational and commercial activity. In Spain, wild mushrooms legally belong to the landowner, who seldom benefits from trade in mushrooms or from their recreational value. Cultural aspects (tradition, picker-related harms) and economic aspects (costly forestry works, income opportunities) constitute elements of the debate on how to deal with mushroom picking. Through a survey of private forest owners in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain), this paper examines their experiences with mushroom pickers, the factors shaping their related policy preferences and their willingness to engage in mushroom reserves.The results show broad support for introducing mushroom picking norms. A regulation would allow outsider pickers to enter private land, but only under certain conditions, i.e. to comply with socio-ecological rules of the area. Among respondents who support the regulation, active land owners who report instances of picker-related harm (both tangible and intangible) tend to support the establishment of a fee system which could be reinvested into forest management. That is also the position of the respondents who perceive mushrooms as a private right, i.e. they believe to have a legitimate right to exclude outsider pickers and, eventually, to raise revenues from that asset. On the contrary, forest owners who conceive mushroom picking as a free-access activity prefer neither to regulate it nor to charge fees. The option to establish a mushroom picking reserve depends on the landholder being a fee-supporter and perceiving instances of harm. Harm, instead, is mainly determined by the perception of congestion of pickers, which in turn is determined by the mushroom productivity of their forest, their level of privacy protection and their involvement to the primary sector. These findings help policymakers to better understand the logic and sensitivities of forest owners in view of designing mushroom picking policies that can effectively solve picker-landowner conflicts.     

Urban Development Revisited: The Role of Neighborhood Needs and Local Participation in Urban Revitalization

Traditional models of economic development such as economic base and urban revitalization models have been found wanting. Both models rely on expert-based assessments of local development needs. More recent approaches call for a stronger focus on local development needs and resident skills as the basis for designing development strategies. One such neighborhood-based approach to development is presented in this paper. Its initial step was a survey of 444 households representing 1398 residents conducted in the Hamilton Hill and Vale neighborhoods of Schenectady, New York a 'downsized' community of about 65,000 residents in the Capital District of New York State. Survey results show a strong need for recreation, childcare, a grocery store, care for the elderly and home repairs. Residents' self-assessed job skills and interests appear to be well suited to meet these needs. Yet despite these promising results, barriers to neighborhood-based development persist. These barriers reiterate the long history of isolation prevalent in US inner city neighborhoods. Two issues are particularly characteristic of the barriers that continue to keep urban neighborhoods isolated from their larger context. They are: (1) a lack of effective communication between local residents and decision makers; and (2) a lack of valuation systems that properly assess the value of social and environmental context and their contributions to local development.     

教育管理技术方法研究——课程重要程度的评价

课程重要程度是一个至今没有被定义的概念。如何评价课程重要程度 ,是科学规划课程必须解决的难题。各国课程理论却没有深入研究这一问题。近年来 ,部分学者探索用价值工程、系统工程等管理技术分析课程问题 ,并提出了一些评价方法 ,如打分法、排序法等。但由于至今对课程重要程度的概念理解不一 ,评价结果偏差很大 ,实际效果不理想。本文首先对课程重要程度进行定义 ,并在深入分析的基础上 ,提出了主要评价指标及其关系模型。同时为了模型应用方便 ,提出应用模型应注意的主要问题和相关建议 ,以及用模糊数学评判结果的思路和方法。     

浅析我国金融生态环境现状

借鉴和运用生态学的方法和成果,将金融体系看作一个生态系统,分析了我国金融生态环境现状,从五个方面提出了改善我国金融生态环境的措施与对策。     

美国财产税的估税周期与估税方法

本文首先介绍了美国财产税在美国地方财政中的重要地位及财产税的基本税制构成,进而对美国财产税的估税周期与估税方法进行了详细分析,以期为我国今后可能开征的物业税税制设计提供参考。     

Ecosystem services–biodiversity relationships depend on land use type in floodplain agroecosystems

Managing agricultural floodplains to meet present and future human requirements without jeopardizing biodiversity conservation is a challenge for land use planners and ecologists. This paper aims to disentangle the relationships between ecosystem services and biodiversity in multifunctional landscapes, such as floodplain agroecosystems, by disaggregating their values across land use types. We measured eight ecosystem services (gas regulation, soil formation, nutrient regulation, habitat provision, food provision, raw materials production, education, and recreation) and six plant diversity indexes (richness, abundance, and true diversity for both plant species and growth forms) in seven land use types identified in the floodplain of the River Piedra (Spain). We observed that all land use types provided services to some extent, but each one was better at providing certain services. Natural or semi-natural habitats provided more services and hosted greater diversity than cultivated land use types. In addition, five diversity indexes were strongly correlated to at least three ecosystem services each one. Habitat provision and education were the ecosystem services positively correlating to most diversity indexes, whereas food provision was negatively correlated to all diversity indexes. Moreover, analyzing the interactions between ecosystem services and biodiversity across land use types, we observed that land use type was the controlling factor regarding the sign and significance of the interaction. The results of this study suggest that, in floodplains agroecosystems, a mosaic landscape of different land use types helps support ecosystem services and contributes to maintaining biodiversity while using local resources. Such land use policies might manage agricultural floodplains at the landscape scale while still being able to accommodate specific measures for each land use type. Moreover, riparian forests should be preserved and restored across the floodplain as they are hot spots for biodiversity and ecosystem services provision.     

互联网科技众筹金融生态风险控制体系构建

互联网科技众筹将民间资本与中小微企业科技创新项目对接,能有效解决中小微企业融资难题。目前互联网金融生态乱象丛生,互联网科技众筹发展尚不完善,建设互联网科技众筹金融生态应重点落地风险控制体系。运用金融生态系统理论,基于互联网科技众筹业务模式,梳理了互联网科技众筹金融生态风险控制体系逻辑与架构,从生态主体风险行为、生态环境内外部风险、生态关系风险类别3个角度总结分析互联网科技众筹金融生态当前存在的风险,研究与构建了互联网科技众筹金融生态风险控制体系,并从发挥生态主体作用、促进生态环境改善、维持生态关系平衡3个方面提出建议。     

三层次制度环境视角下创新驱动发展评价研究——以中西部6省市为例

借鉴改进的DSIR模型思想,从政府-企业-个人3个层次出发,将制度环境作为一个外生子系统,引入创新驱动战略评价系统,形成制度环境-驱动力-状态-影响-响应5个立体层面的子系统,同时,采用混合型中心点三角白化权函数进行灰色评估分析,对中西部地区6个省市创新驱动发展状况进行实证研究。分析结果表明,在创新驱动发展方面,四川处于同类地区“领跑”地位,河南、湖北、湖南处于“并跑”地位,而陕西和重庆处于落后地位,针对各地区发展短板提出对策建议。     

平台生态系统下我国中小制造企业与互联网融合发展路径研究

随着云计算、大数据、物联网等互联技术兴起,互联网平台逐渐成为我国中小制造企业生存与发展的土壤。基于平台生态系统理论与价值共创理论,遵循“主体互动融合—跨业价值重塑—环境协同共生”基本框架,探究我国中小制造企业与互联网融合的内涵及特征。运用嵌入型多案例研究方法,探究我国中小制造企业与互联网融合发展模式,提炼归纳出我国中小制造企业与互联网融合发展的3种路径。     

财务管理中的杠杆效应与风险探析

财务管理学中的经营杠杆、财务杠杆和复合杠杆相关理论是企业优化资本结构、获取经营杠杆收益、控制经营风险、实现股东收益最大化与控制企业财务风险的重要理论,涉及筹资活动、投资活动与经营活动多个方面,是筹资决策、投资决策和经营决策的重要依据。本论从经营杠杆、财务杠杆相关理论依据与内涵入手,在分析经营杠杆、财务杠杆和复合杠杆计算及公式的基础上,重点对其三项指标的性质与作用进行分析与评价。以达到全面的、正确的理解杠杆效应与风险程度的相互关系,明晰经营风险和财务风险之间的联系,以实现经营(投资)决策与筹资决策的相互配合,共同控制与降低企业复合风险。